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Ubuzima August 1, 2025 · 5 min read

ITABI NK’UMUTI

DUSHIMIMANA JEAN DE DIEU

ITABI NK’UMUTI
COLOMBUS YAHISE AFATA IRYO TABI ARIJYANA IBURAYI ARIGEJEJEYO ABAGANGA B’ICYO GIHE NABO BARIHA UMUGISHA BATANGIRA KURITAZIRA ICYATSI GITAGATIFU. GUSA ICYO GIHE HARI UMWE MUBIHAYE IMANA WITWA ANDRE THEVET W’UMU FRANCISCAN, YABWOYE ABANTU KO NUBWO ITABI ARI UMUTI ARIKO ARI IRYO KWITONDERWA KUKO NGO YASANZE RITERA ABANTU KUGWA IGIHUMURE. IBYO ARIKO NTIBYACIYE INTEGE ABABONAGA ITABI NK’UMUTI, ZA COLOMBIA RYAFATWAGA NK’UMUTI, KUGEZA EJO BUNDI RWOSE MU KINYEJANA CYA 20 NIBWO IBYO GUFATA ITABI NK’UMUTI BYATANGIYE GUHINDURA ISURA. NI NYUMA Y’AHO ABASHAKASHATSI BATANGIYE KUGARAGAZA KO RISHOBORA KUBA NYIRABAYAZANA W’INDWARA ZIKOMEYE ZIRIMO NA CANCER Y’IBIHAHA, NDETSE BENSHI BAKABA BAPFA BISHWE NARYO AHANINI BITEWE NA NICOTINE IRIBONEKAMO. GUSA KERA ITABI RYARI UMUTI URETSE KO NANUBU BITARACIKA BURUNDU. HARI ABANTU BAGIFITE IMYUMVIRE YO KWINISHA ABANA ITABI MU KABUNO MU RWEGO RWO KUBAVURA INDWARA ZITANDUKANYE ZIRIMO NA CHORELA, NO KUBAKURU HARACYARI IMYUMVIRE NK’IYI NANUBU HARI AHO UGERA NKO MU BYARO BYO MURI AMERICA Y’EPFO UGASANGA HARI NK’UBURWAYI BAVURA BIFASHISHIJE GUCISHA UMWOTSI W’ITABO AHASOHOKERA UMWANDA MUNINI. MU KUVURA INDWARA ZITANDUKANYE, HERNIAS N’IZINDI NDWARA ZO MUNDA ZITANDUKANYE). URETSE KO RYANIFASHISHWAGA MUKUVURA UMUTWE, NA PROSTATE. Kera itabi ryabonwaga nk'"umuti mwiza wo gukabura umubiri", ariko ubu risigaye ribonwa nk'ikibi gikururira ibyago amagara yacu harimo no kwihutisha urupfu". Ishami ry'ishirahamwe mpuzamahanga rishinzwe ubuzima bw'abantu OMS, ryemeza ko itabi ryica kimwe cyakabiri cy'abarinywa. Uko umwaka utashye, miriyoni 6 z'abanywa itabi barapfa bahitanywe n'ingaruka zaryo, naho abagera kubihumbi 900.000 bakazira ingaruka zituruka kumyotsi y'itabi kandi bo batarinywa. Nubwo imibare yivugira kubijyanye n'ibibi by'itabi, siko kera byari bimeze, mbere y'imyaka amagana ishize, kunywa itabi byafatwaga nk'ikintu kiza cyo kurengera ubuzima nk'uko bimeze ku mazi ndetse icyo gihe byarutaga uko akamaro ko kunywa amazi kafatwaga muri rubanda. (Uwanywaga itabi yabaga azi ko ari kurengera ubuzima, kuruta uko umuntu uri kunywa amazi aba abyiyumvamo). Mu kinyejana cya 16, Nicotine yo mu itabi, yari yarahawe umugisha kuburyo yahimbwaga icyatsi Imana yaremye mu gukiza amagara y'abantu, ni nk'uko aba Rasta bamwe na bamwe bafata icyatsi cy'urumogi nk'icyatsi gikiza. Ibi byashimangiwe kurushaho n'Umushakashatsi wo mu Buholandi Giles Everard, wihandagaje yemeza ko ahubwo ibyiza byo kunywa itabi bizatuma n'abaganga batazongera gukenerwa. Ni uko itabi ryafatwaga muri iyo myaka. Mu gitabo 'Panacea; or the Universal Medicine, a Discovery of the Wonderful Virtues of Tobacco taken in a Pipe' yanditse mu 1587, yagize ati "Umwotsi waryo uvura ubumara bwose n'indwara zose zishobora kubaho". Uwa mbere mu batangiye kugerageza itabi nk'umuti yabaye Christopher Columbus, uriya nababwiye wazengurutse isi, yambutse inyanja ya Atlantic, yanabaye umuzungu wa mbere wakandagije ikirenge cye kubutaka bwa Amerika. Umwarimu Anne Charlton nawe yashimangiye muri 'The Royal Society of Medicine', ko Christopher Colombus yagerageje kunywa itabi nk'umuti. Mu 1492, mu gice cya Cuba, Haiti na Bahamas baduye uburyo bwo kunywa ibibabi by'itabi babanje kubyumisha, barangiza bakabishyira mu nkono y'itabi, ubu buryo bushya bwaraharawe bidasanzwe. Rimwe na rimwe amababi y'itabi yabanzaga gutunganywa akabanza agasukurwa mbere yo kuyanywa. Itabi rivanze n'indimu n'ibumba ryera, byakoreshwaga nk'umuti wo kwoza amenyo mu gihugu ubu gisigaye cyitwa Venezuela, ndetse n'ubu mu buhinde baracyabikoresha. Umunya Portugal Pedro Alvares Cabral, yagenze amahanga ya kure akigera bwa mbere muri Brezil mu 1500, yavuze ko itabi ryakoreshwaga mu kuvura ibibyimba, n'ibindi bikomere by'imbere mu mubiri. Naho mu cyitwa New Spain ubu hasigaye hazwi nka Mexique, intumwa ya Espagne akaba n'umuvugabutumwa Bernardino de Sahagun, yigiye ku bavuzi baho ko indwara zifata mu misaya, amashamba n'izindi bishobora kuvurwa aho bacaga indasago kuruhu bakaminjiramo itabi rishyushye rivanze n'umunyu. Ibi byose byakorwaga hifashishijwe itabi, byagiye byaduka hirya no hino ku isi, bituma Abaganga n'abacuruza imiti i Bulayi bihutira kumenya ibyo bitangaza itabi riri gukora mu buvuzi. UZIKO NANUBU HARI ABANTU BATAJYA BEMERA KO ITABI RYICA, AHUBWO BAVUGA KO RYAGAMBANIWE N’ABACURUZA INDI MITI. (Hari bamwe bakizera ko ari umuti). ITABI RIGABANYA IMYAKA YO KUBAHO IGERA KU 10, MU GIHE INGARUKA ZITURUKA KU NZOGA ZIGABANYA IMYAKA YO KUBAHO IGERA KURI 30. Mu binyejana byakurikiyeho, hari inyandiko byabonywe mu bubiko, byitwa 'Wellcome Collection', bivuga ko isegereti rimwe, cyangwa inkono y'itabi imwe, yafatwa nk'ikintu cyangombwa kumunyeshuri wiga ubuganga, cyane cyane bariya bakorera mubyumba byo kubagiramo abarwayi, cyangwa abaganga biga ibijyanye n'indwara z'imbere mu mubiri. (Nanubu hari abaganga bakizerera mu iyi nyandiko). Mu rwego rwo gukora akazi ko kubaga neza ngo umuganga agomba kunywa ku itabi mu rwego rwo kwirinda umunuko ndetse no mu rwego rwo kwikingira indwara zishobora guturuka kuwo ari kubaga. Ikindi kuriya umuntu aba asohora umwotsi w’itabi yongera awinjiza ngo biri mu bwoko bwa meditation, bifasha umuganga kwitekerezaho no kwita cyane kubyo ahugiyeho kuburyo adashobora kurangarira mu bindi. Ikindi kigaragaza itabi nk’umuti ni uko Igihe hateraga indwara y’ akaranda mu mujyi wa Londres mu 1665, abana bigishijwe kunywa itabi mw'ishuri mu rwego rwo kwirinda iyo ndwara. Abari bashinzwe gushyingura bagombaga kunywa itabi murwego rwo kwirinda kwandura akaranda. Gusa muri iyo myaka ya kera n’ubundi nubwo hari abantu benshi barinywaga hari n'abagiraga amakenga bibaza niba koko Itabi ryaba ari umuti nk'uko bivugwa. Umuganga w'Umwongereza John Cotta, yanditse ibitabo ku buvuzi n'ubupfumu, yavuze mu 1612, ko icyo catsi cyafatwa icyo gihe nk'igisubizo cy'ibibazo byose by'indwara. Amakenga kw'itabi yarakomeje abaho, ariko ntiyahagaritse abarinywa gukomeza kwiyongera. Bumwe mu buryo budasanzwe itabi ryakoreshwagamo, harimo ko kuryinisha abantu bazahajwe n'agasembuye. Abavuzi bibaza ko itabi rifasha kugarura ubushuhe mu muntu wazahajwe n'ibintu bitandukanye birimo inzoga cyangwa wazahajwe n'inkoni ndetse bakizera ko rifasha mu gutuma agarura ubwenge. Gukamurira itabi mu gutwi kw'umuntu kudwaye byarakoreshwaga mu kinyejana cya 18. Kuba itabi ryakomeza gufatwa nk'umuti, umuntu yavuga ko byahagaze mu mwaka 1828 ubwo havumburwaga ubumara bwa Nikotine mu itabi, ninabwo abaganga batangiye gushishikariza abantu kudakomeza gukoresha itabi mu buvuzi ubwaribwo bwose. Gusa ariko imiti ikoze mw'itabi yo yakomeje gutangwa nk'iyacishwaga mu kibuno (Kwina), bavura kugugara, gukomereka urura, ndetse no mu kuvura inzoka zo munda uyu muti wakomeje gukoreshwa. Hagati y'imyaka ya 1920s na 1930s, ikigo Camel cyakomeje guhumuriza abantu kibasaba gushishoza ko n'abo baganga bashishikariza abantu kureka itabi birangira aribo baryinkwera. Cyanavugaga ko abaririmbyi banywa itabi mu rwego rwo kugorora imihogo yabo. Ibi byose byakomeje kuba agatereranzamba, ariko nko mu myaka irenga 30 ishize umuntu yavuga ko aribwo ibibi biterwa n'itabi ku magara ya muntu byasobanutse neza, ndetse n'ingaruka zaryo ziramenyekana, impaka zitangira kugabanuka gutyo. Ibi byatumye ibihugu byinshi bibuza abantu kunywera itabi mu ruhame. Bimwe mu bihugu byashyizeho amategeko yo gutegeka inganda zikora amatabi, gushyira kumapaki y'itabi amafoto agaragaza abantu bari hafi gupfa kubera kanseri y'ibihaha yaturutse ku itabi ndetse n'abari hafi kwicwa n'umutima kubera itabi, n'izindi ndwara. Mu Bwongereza, ho bageze ubwo bakoresha igipupe kizwi ku izina rya Smokey Sue, mu kwigisha abagore batwite ingaruka z'itabi ku mwana uri munda. Ubu noneho hagezweho e-cigarettes, ni agakoresho gatumura umwotsi nk'uwitabi kandi mubyukuri ntaririmo, ibi ni murwego rwo gufasha ababaswe n'itabi kurireka byananirana akajya yifahisha ako gakoresho. Izi segereti zifise bateri zicomekwa ku mashanyarazi, wakurura ugakurura umwotsi w'itabi ariko utarimo uburozi bwa Nikotine arinabwo nyirabayazana w'ibibazo bituruka ku itabi. E-cigarettes ntizitera ubumara bwa 'monoxide de carbone', cyangwa 'tar'. 'Vaping' cyangwa gutumura akotsi ka e-cigarette, nabyo ntibibonwa kimwe kuri bose. Philip Morris International, ikigo cya mbere kw'isi gikora itabi, cyitandukanyije n'isoko rya e-cigarette, ndetse byareze ibigo bikora ubu bwoko bw'amatabi ko ibi bigo bireshya urubyiruko kwamamaza amatabi yabyo akoreshwamo bateri. Ishami ry'ishirahamwe mpuzamahanga rishinzwe amagara ya Muntu OMS, rifata itabi nk'icyorezo, ndetse ko ari kimwe mu bibazo bibangamiye amagara y'abantu kuruta ibindi isi yigeze kumenya. OMS isaba ibihugu gushiraho gahunda zibuza itabi, nko kubuza ibigo kuryamamaza, gushyiraho imisoro ihanitse kuriryo n'ibindi. Muri iki gihe kunywa itabi byaragabanutse, byibuze 20% nibo banywa itabi ku isi yose, mugihe mu mwaka 2000 bari 27%. Mu bakuze, miriyaridi 1.1 ni abanywi b'itabi, 80% muri bo bakaba bari mu bihugu bikennye cyangwa bikiri munzira y'amajyambere.
COLOMBUS YAHISE AFATA IRYO TABI ARIJYANA IBURAYI ARIGEJEJEYO ABAGANGA B’ICYO GIHE NABO BARIHA UMUGISHA BATANGIRA KURITAZIRA ICYATSI GITAGATIFU. GUSA ICYO GIHE HARI UMWE MUBIHAYE IMANA WITWA ANDRE THEVET W’UMU FRANCISCAN, YABWOYE ABANTU KO NUBWO ITABI ARI UMUTI ARIKO ARI IRYO KWITONDERWA KUKO NGO YASANZE RITERA ABANTU KUGWA IGIHUMURE. IBYO ARIKO NTIBYACIYE INTEGE ABABONAGA ITABI NK’UMUTI, ZA COLOMBIA RYAFATWAGA NK’UMUTI, KUGEZA EJO BUNDI RWOSE MU KINYEJANA CYA 20 NIBWO IBYO GUFATA ITABI NK’UMUTI BYATANGIYE GUHINDURA ISURA. NI NYUMA Y’AHO ABASHAKASHATSI BATANGIYE KUGARAGAZA KO RISHOBORA KUBA NYIRABAYAZANA W’INDWARA ZIKOMEYE ZIRIMO NA CANCER Y’IBIHAHA, NDETSE BENSHI BAKABA BAPFA BISHWE NARYO AHANINI BITEWE NA NICOTINE IRIBONEKAMO. GUSA KERA ITABI RYARI UMUTI URETSE KO NANUBU BITARACIKA BURUNDU. HARI ABANTU BAGIFITE IMYUMVIRE YO KWINISHA ABANA ITABI MU KABUNO MU RWEGO RWO KUBAVURA INDWARA ZITANDUKANYE ZIRIMO NA CHORELA, NO KUBAKURU HARACYARI IMYUMVIRE NK’IYI NANUBU HARI AHO UGERA NKO MU BYARO BYO MURI AMERICA Y’EPFO UGASANGA HARI NK’UBURWAYI BAVURA BIFASHISHIJE GUCISHA UMWOTSI W’ITABO AHASOHOKERA UMWANDA MUNINI. MU KUVURA INDWARA ZITANDUKANYE, HERNIAS N’IZINDI NDWARA ZO MUNDA ZITANDUKANYE). URETSE KO RYANIFASHISHWAGA MUKUVURA UMUTWE, NA PROSTATE. Kera itabi ryabonwaga nk'"umuti mwiza wo gukabura umubiri", ariko ubu risigaye ribonwa nk'ikibi gikururira ibyago amagara yacu harimo no kwihutisha urupfu". Ishami ry'ishirahamwe mpuzamahanga rishinzwe ubuzima bw'abantu OMS, ryemeza ko itabi ryica kimwe cyakabiri cy'abarinywa. Uko umwaka utashye, miriyoni 6 z'abanywa itabi barapfa bahitanywe n'ingaruka zaryo, naho abagera kubihumbi 900.000 bakazira ingaruka zituruka kumyotsi y'itabi kandi bo batarinywa. Nubwo imibare yivugira kubijyanye n'ibibi by'itabi, siko kera byari bimeze, mbere y'imyaka amagana ishize, kunywa itabi byafatwaga nk'ikintu kiza cyo kurengera ubuzima nk'uko bimeze ku mazi ndetse icyo gihe byarutaga uko akamaro ko kunywa amazi kafatwaga muri rubanda. (Uwanywaga itabi yabaga azi ko ari kurengera ubuzima, kuruta uko umuntu uri kunywa amazi aba abyiyumvamo). Mu kinyejana cya 16, Nicotine yo mu itabi, yari yarahawe umugisha kuburyo yahimbwaga icyatsi Imana yaremye mu gukiza amagara y'abantu, ni nk'uko aba Rasta bamwe na bamwe bafata icyatsi cy'urumogi nk'icyatsi gikiza. Ibi byashimangiwe kurushaho n'Umushakashatsi wo mu Buholandi Giles Everard, wihandagaje yemeza ko ahubwo ibyiza byo kunywa itabi bizatuma n'abaganga batazongera gukenerwa. Ni uko itabi ryafatwaga muri iyo myaka. Mu gitabo 'Panacea; or the Universal Medicine, a Discovery of the Wonderful Virtues of Tobacco taken in a Pipe' yanditse mu 1587, yagize ati "Umwotsi waryo uvura ubumara bwose n'indwara zose zishobora kubaho". Uwa mbere mu batangiye kugerageza itabi nk'umuti yabaye Christopher Columbus, uriya nababwiye wazengurutse isi, yambutse inyanja ya Atlantic, yanabaye umuzungu wa mbere wakandagije ikirenge cye kubutaka bwa Amerika. Umwarimu Anne Charlton nawe yashimangiye muri 'The Royal Society of Medicine', ko Christopher Colombus yagerageje kunywa itabi nk'umuti. Mu 1492, mu gice cya Cuba, Haiti na Bahamas baduye uburyo bwo kunywa ibibabi by'itabi babanje kubyumisha, barangiza bakabishyira mu nkono y'itabi, ubu buryo bushya bwaraharawe bidasanzwe. Rimwe na rimwe amababi y'itabi yabanzaga gutunganywa akabanza agasukurwa mbere yo kuyanywa. Itabi rivanze n'indimu n'ibumba ryera, byakoreshwaga nk'umuti wo kwoza amenyo mu gihugu ubu gisigaye cyitwa Venezuela, ndetse n'ubu mu buhinde baracyabikoresha. Umunya Portugal Pedro Alvares Cabral, yagenze amahanga ya kure akigera bwa mbere muri Brezil mu 1500, yavuze ko itabi ryakoreshwaga mu kuvura ibibyimba, n'ibindi bikomere by'imbere mu mubiri. Naho mu cyitwa New Spain ubu hasigaye hazwi nka Mexique, intumwa ya Espagne akaba n'umuvugabutumwa Bernardino de Sahagun, yigiye ku bavuzi baho ko indwara zifata mu misaya, amashamba n'izindi bishobora kuvurwa aho bacaga indasago kuruhu bakaminjiramo itabi rishyushye rivanze n'umunyu. Ibi byose byakorwaga hifashishijwe itabi, byagiye byaduka hirya no hino ku isi, bituma Abaganga n'abacuruza imiti i Bulayi bihutira kumenya ibyo bitangaza itabi riri gukora mu buvuzi. UZIKO NANUBU HARI ABANTU BATAJYA BEMERA KO ITABI RYICA, AHUBWO BAVUGA KO RYAGAMBANIWE N’ABACURUZA INDI MITI. (Hari bamwe bakizera ko ari umuti). ITABI RIGABANYA IMYAKA YO KUBAHO IGERA KU 10, MU GIHE INGARUKA ZITURUKA KU NZOGA ZIGABANYA IMYAKA YO KUBAHO IGERA KURI 30. Mu binyejana byakurikiyeho, hari inyandiko byabonywe mu bubiko, byitwa 'Wellcome Collection', bivuga ko isegereti rimwe, cyangwa inkono y'itabi imwe, yafatwa nk'ikintu cyangombwa kumunyeshuri wiga ubuganga, cyane cyane bariya bakorera mubyumba byo kubagiramo abarwayi, cyangwa abaganga biga ibijyanye n'indwara z'imbere mu mubiri. (Nanubu hari abaganga bakizerera mu iyi nyandiko). Mu rwego rwo gukora akazi ko kubaga neza ngo umuganga agomba kunywa ku itabi mu rwego rwo kwirinda umunuko ndetse no mu rwego rwo kwikingira indwara zishobora guturuka kuwo ari kubaga. Ikindi kuriya umuntu aba asohora umwotsi w’itabi yongera awinjiza ngo biri mu bwoko bwa meditation, bifasha umuganga kwitekerezaho no kwita cyane kubyo ahugiyeho kuburyo adashobora kurangarira mu bindi. Ikindi kigaragaza itabi nk’umuti ni uko Igihe hateraga indwara y’ akaranda mu mujyi wa Londres mu 1665, abana bigishijwe kunywa itabi mw'ishuri mu rwego rwo kwirinda iyo ndwara. Abari bashinzwe gushyingura bagombaga kunywa itabi murwego rwo kwirinda kwandura akaranda. Gusa muri iyo myaka ya kera n’ubundi nubwo hari abantu benshi barinywaga hari n'abagiraga amakenga bibaza niba koko Itabi ryaba ari umuti nk'uko bivugwa. Umuganga w'Umwongereza John Cotta, yanditse ibitabo ku buvuzi n'ubupfumu, yavuze mu 1612, ko icyo catsi cyafatwa icyo gihe nk'igisubizo cy'ibibazo byose by'indwara. Amakenga kw'itabi yarakomeje abaho, ariko ntiyahagaritse abarinywa gukomeza kwiyongera. Bumwe mu buryo budasanzwe itabi ryakoreshwagamo, harimo ko kuryinisha abantu bazahajwe n'agasembuye. Abavuzi bibaza ko itabi rifasha kugarura ubushuhe mu muntu wazahajwe n'ibintu bitandukanye birimo inzoga cyangwa wazahajwe n'inkoni ndetse bakizera ko rifasha mu gutuma agarura ubwenge. Gukamurira itabi mu gutwi kw'umuntu kudwaye byarakoreshwaga mu kinyejana cya 18. Kuba itabi ryakomeza gufatwa nk'umuti, umuntu yavuga ko byahagaze mu mwaka 1828 ubwo havumburwaga ubumara bwa Nikotine mu itabi, ninabwo abaganga batangiye gushishikariza abantu kudakomeza gukoresha itabi mu buvuzi ubwaribwo bwose. Gusa ariko imiti ikoze mw'itabi yo yakomeje gutangwa nk'iyacishwaga mu kibuno (Kwina), bavura kugugara, gukomereka urura, ndetse no mu kuvura inzoka zo munda uyu muti wakomeje gukoreshwa. Hagati y'imyaka ya 1920s na 1930s, ikigo Camel cyakomeje guhumuriza abantu kibasaba gushishoza ko n'abo baganga bashishikariza abantu kureka itabi birangira aribo baryinkwera. Cyanavugaga ko abaririmbyi banywa itabi mu rwego rwo kugorora imihogo yabo. Ibi byose byakomeje kuba agatereranzamba, ariko nko mu myaka irenga 30 ishize umuntu yavuga ko aribwo ibibi biterwa n'itabi ku magara ya muntu byasobanutse neza, ndetse n'ingaruka zaryo ziramenyekana, impaka zitangira kugabanuka gutyo. Ibi byatumye ibihugu byinshi bibuza abantu kunywera itabi mu ruhame. Bimwe mu bihugu byashyizeho amategeko yo gutegeka inganda zikora amatabi, gushyira kumapaki y'itabi amafoto agaragaza abantu bari hafi gupfa kubera kanseri y'ibihaha yaturutse ku itabi ndetse n'abari hafi kwicwa n'umutima kubera itabi, n'izindi ndwara. Mu Bwongereza, ho bageze ubwo bakoresha igipupe kizwi ku izina rya Smokey Sue, mu kwigisha abagore batwite ingaruka z'itabi ku mwana uri munda. Ubu noneho hagezweho e-cigarettes, ni agakoresho gatumura umwotsi nk'uwitabi kandi mubyukuri ntaririmo, ibi ni murwego rwo gufasha ababaswe n'itabi kurireka byananirana akajya yifahisha ako gakoresho. Izi segereti zifise bateri zicomekwa ku mashanyarazi, wakurura ugakurura umwotsi w'itabi ariko utarimo uburozi bwa Nikotine arinabwo nyirabayazana w'ibibazo bituruka ku itabi. E-cigarettes ntizitera ubumara bwa 'monoxide de carbone', cyangwa 'tar'. 'Vaping' cyangwa gutumura akotsi ka e-cigarette, nabyo ntibibonwa kimwe kuri bose. Philip Morris International, ikigo cya mbere kw'isi gikora itabi, cyitandukanyije n'isoko rya e-cigarette, ndetse byareze ibigo bikora ubu bwoko bw'amatabi ko ibi bigo bireshya urubyiruko kwamamaza amatabi yabyo akoreshwamo bateri. Ishami ry'ishirahamwe mpuzamahanga rishinzwe amagara ya Muntu OMS, rifata itabi nk'icyorezo, ndetse ko ari kimwe mu bibazo bibangamiye amagara y'abantu kuruta ibindi isi yigeze kumenya. OMS isaba ibihugu gushiraho gahunda zibuza itabi, nko kubuza ibigo kuryamamaza, gushyiraho imisoro ihanitse kuriryo n'ibindi. Muri iki gihe kunywa itabi byaragabanutse, byibuze 20% nibo banywa itabi ku isi yose, mugihe mu mwaka 2000 bari 27%. Mu bakuze, miriyaridi 1.1 ni abanywi b'itabi, 80% muri bo bakaba bari mu bihugu bikennye cyangwa bikiri munzira y'amajyambere.
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